What is a major complication of untreated chronic emphysema?

Chronic emphysema is a progressive lung disease that primarily affects the ability of the lungs to function properly by damaging the air sacs (alveoli) and limiting airflow. Over time, untreated chronic emphysema can lead to significant respiratory complications, the most serious of which is respiratory failure.

Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs can no longer provide adequate oxygen to the blood or remove carbon dioxide effectively. In patients with chronic emphysema, the destruction of alveoli results in decreased surface area for gas exchange and can lead to hypoxemia (low oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (elevated carbon dioxide levels). As the disease progresses, the body struggles to maintain adequate oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination, eventually resulting in respiratory failure.

While other options such as gastroesophageal reflux and cardiovascular disease can be associated with chronic lung diseases, they are not the primary complications stemming directly from untreated emphysema. Their relationship with respiratory issues, particularly in advanced stages, does exist but is largely secondary to the primary pulmonary complications. Diabetes mellitus is generally unrelated to emphysema and is considered a separate chronic condition. Thus, respiratory failure stands out as the most significant and direct complication arising from untreated chronic emphysema.