What condition is considered an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding?

HIV infection is considered an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding due to the risk of transmitting the virus to the infant through breast milk. While advances in treatment and management of HIV have greatly improved the health of individuals living with the virus, the potential for maternal-infant transmission during breastfeeding remains a significant concern. The American Academy of Pediatrics and other health organizations recommend that HIV-infected mothers choose to formula-feed to eliminate this risk entirely.

In contrast, recent surgery may not automatically prevent a mother from breastfeeding, depending on the nature of the surgery and whether it affects breast tissue or milk production. Breast augmentation does not typically interfere with the ability to breastfeed; many women who have had this type of surgery can still produce milk. Similarly, smoking, although it poses risks to both the mother and child, does not serve as an absolute contraindication; mothers who smoke are often encouraged to seek guidance on how to minimize risks while breastfeeding rather than being advised against it outright.